The surface soil horizon dominated by organic material such as litter, decomposed leaves, and humus.
Materials such as compost, manure, or crop residues added to soil to improve fertility and structure.
A farming approach that avoids synthetic chemicals, relying instead on ecological processes, organic fertilizers, and biodiversity.
All organic material in soil, from fresh residues to stable humus, crucial for fertility and structure.
The component of water potential influenced by dissolved salts, affecting plant water uptake.
Sediments deposited by glacial meltwater, often sandy and stratified.
Excessive grazing pressure that reduces vegetation cover, compacts soil, and accelerates erosion.
A chemical reaction where substances lose electrons, often involving oxygen. In soils, oxidation affects iron, sulfur, and organic matter.
Soil in which oxygen is present, giving it red or brown coloration due to oxidized iron compounds.
The rate at which oxygen moves through soil pores, influencing microbial activity and root respiration.
