A soil layer beneath the B horizon, consisting mostly of weathered parent material with little evidence of soil-forming processes.
A chemical element essential for plant growth, commonly expressed in soil tests as Ca or converted to CaO for reporting.
The accumulation of calcium carbonate in soils, often in arid and semi-arid regions.
Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, which regulates farming subsidies, rural development, and agricultural practices.
A USDA system for grouping soils based on their suitability for intensive agriculture and risk of degradation.
Water held in small soil pores against gravity, available for plant uptake but moving slowly upward or sideways.
The continuous movement of carbon through the atmosphere, biosphere, soils, and oceans, including processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition.
The capture and long-term storage of carbon in soils or vegetation, helping to mitigate rising CO₂ levels in the atmosphere.
A crop grown primarily for sale and profit, rather than for subsistence or on-farm use.
A crop grown between main cropping seasons, primarily to capture leftover soil nutrients and reduce leaching.
