The total amount of water stored in the soil between field capacity and permanent wilting point that is available to plants.
The mechanical manipulation of soil to prepare a seedbed, manage weeds, or incorporate residues.
Soil movement downslope caused by repeated tillage operations, contributing to long-term soil redistribution.
The physical condition of soil in relation to its ease of tillage, seedbed quality, and root growth support.
The uppermost soil layer, rich in organic matter and nutrients, crucial for plant growth.
Nutrients required by plants and animals in very small amounts, such as zinc, copper, and boron.
The process by which water vapor is released from plants through stomata during gas exchange.
The position of an organism in a food chain, defined by its source of energy, such as producers, herbivores, or predators.
The cloudiness of water caused by suspended particles like silt or organic matter, often linked to soil erosion.
