The underlying geological material, such as rock or sediment, from which soil develops through weathering and biological processes.
Partially decomposed plant material accumulated in waterlogged conditions, forming an organic soil rich in carbon.
The process of soil formation and development, influenced by parent material, climate, organisms, topography, and time.
The scientific study of soils, including their formation, classification, and mapping.
The downward movement of water through soil pores or rock fractures, influencing groundwater recharge.
Soil or rock that remains at or below 0°C for at least two consecutive years, common in Arctic regions.
The soil moisture level at which plants can no longer extract water, leading to irreversible wilting.
The ability of soil to transmit water or air through its pores.
A logarithmic expression of soil water tension, describing how tightly water is held by soil and its availability to plants.
A measure of soil acidity or alkalinity, expressed on a scale from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
