Essential nutrients required by plants in large amounts, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
Large soil pores, usually greater than 0.08 mm, that allow rapid drainage of water and movement of air and roots.
Organic fertilizer derived from animal dung, urine, and bedding materials, used to enrich soil fertility and structure.
Land with limited agricultural potential due to poor soil quality, steep slopes, or adverse climate conditions.
The movement of dissolved nutrients in soil water toward plant roots, driven by transpiration and water uptake.
The physical breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller particles without altering their chemical composition.
Soil organisms between 0.1 and 2 mm in size, such as mites, springtails, and small worms, that contribute to decomposition and nutrient cycling.
Rock formed when existing rock is altered by heat and pressure, examples include marble and schist.
A very small soil aggregate, typically less than 0.25 mm, formed by fine mineral particles and organic matter.
The localized climate conditions in a specific area, influenced by vegetation, soil type, and land management.
