A dark, coarse-grained igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene, sometimes weathering into fertile soils.
The ecological and economic benefits achieved by reducing soil erosion, such as higher productivity and improved water quality.
Losses of nutrients from soil to the atmosphere in the form of gases, including nitrous oxide, ammonia, or carbon dioxide.
A soil order characterized by permafrost within two meters of the surface, common in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.
The study of landforms, their processes, history, and the influence of soil and geology on landscape development.
The process by which a seed begins to grow into a seedling under favorable conditions.
A soil layer showing gray or bluish colors due to prolonged water saturation and reduced conditions.
Soils with permanent or near-permanent water saturation, typically with mottled or gleyed horizons.
A measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere relative to carbon dioxide over a specific time period.
A natural or constructed channel planted with grass to safely convey runoff water and prevent erosion.
