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Hardpan

A dense, compacted soil layer that restricts root growth and water movement, often formed by clay, organic matter, or iron compounds.

Related terms

  • Soil

    The upper layer of earth consisting of mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air, essential for plant growth and ecosystems.

  • Clay

    Soil particles smaller than 0.002 mm in diameter, known for high surface area, water-holding ability, and plasticity. Also used as a soil textural class.

  • Organic matter

    All organic material in soil, from fresh residues to stable humus, crucial for fertility and structure.